哮喘怎样治疗呢

哮喘如何治疗呢配图，仅供参考

3.2 Asthma treatment
Current asthma pharmacotherapy is based on two fronts: bronchodilation or broncho protection,by direct inhibition of contraction or facilitation of relaxation of airway smooth muscle; and minimize inflammatory mediators that can induce bronchoconstriction and thus improve asthma symptoms ). For the rapid control of asthma attacks and relief of symptoms,bronchodilators are used as first choice drugs,which act mainly by activating G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR)-Gs or antagonism of GPCR-Gq/11. These agents are formed by β-adrenergic agonists,that activate GPCR-Gs,such as salbutamol,salmeterol,and formoterol,and antagonists of muscarinic M3 receptors,such as ipratropium and tiotropium,or Cys-LT receptors,such as montelukast and zafirlukast,that inhibits GPCR-Gq/11. Besides these,another class used in the treatment of asthma,but which does not act directly on the GPCRs,are phosphodiesterase inhibitors,enzymes that degrade cyclic nucleotides,the example of theophylline ).
The airway inflammation is controlled through the use of steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,corticosteroids,orally (OCS) or inhaled (ICS),which act in the long term by inhibiting the inflammatory process,such as fluticasone and budesonide ). Since their emergence and introduction in the treatment of asthma,corticosteroids have presented problems related,especially,to their side effects,so that new drugs in the class have been and are being developed with the aim of improving their potency and,mainly,their systemic effects ). Common side effects of corticosteroids include oral candidiasis,glaucoma,cataracts,skin bruising and osteoporosis. However,it is important to note that the likelihood of experiencing these complications is significantly lower with inhaled versus oral glucocorticoids (Gina,2022). Other anti-inflammatory drugs are cromoglycates that act by stabilizing mast cells,such as cromolyn sodium,preventing mast cell degranulation. Both corticosteroids and cromolyn are used to treat mild persistent asthma ).
New classes of drugs have been developed for treating severe asthma,including anti-IgE antibodies such as omalizumab,especially for corticosteroid-resistant patients ). Furthermore,new drugs studied include anti-IL-13 antibodies,with promising results in clinical studies ). So far,no therapy for asthma has been used to prevent the airway remodeling. As the first-line choice,anti-inflammatory drugs continue to be used,being crucial in the management of the disease. Although the emergence of new pharmacological therapies for asthma has been strengthened,there is still a need for the development of additional effective treatments ),in this sense,knowledge of the ion channels involved in the pathophysiology of asthma is of fundamental importance for a possible more effective therapeutic strategy.","department":"